Many thanks @akikyo!
akikyo had a similar problem and the solution works for this issue as well:
On this basis, here is the procedure which functioned for me:
- Flash to Android 62.0.A.3.109 with EMMA
- Do not relock the bootloader and do not receive any further Android updates
- Test IPv4 mobile data connection with Telekom DE SIM
- After I was sure it worked with Android as expected, I flashed to SFOS
Now IPv4 mobile data connection with Telekom DE SIM works also perfectly on Xperia 10 III SFOS 4.4.0.64