The place where Docker stores its data is /var/lib/docker by default. In case of Docker-based SDK installation, if /var/lib/docker is on different filesystem than /home, you need to ensure that you have enough free space on both. Due to the way Docker works, there is also higher requirement for the free space during installation (not more than 15 GB).
Yes, that’s why I think there is a reproducible bug here, at least in every Debian 11 base-system. I have more than 140GB free-space available. I tried on both machines (personal and workstation) with Debian 11.
You’ve got an interesting UID 964169819. It makes me think you maybe forgot to tell us your Debian is running under some kind of virtual machine (container, …) or it is a shared machine where disk quotas apply? Just guessing, I am sorry.
I tried an restarting the docker daemon helps. This is not a problem at all for any other container, though. There seem to be no errors in the log from docker about it, either.