The problem seems to be systemd related. Old versions of systemd (like version 225 in the SDK) expects cgroup v1 while newer versions provide the cgroup v2 (aka unified) interface. You will see related error messages using dmesg as root. systemd in the image failes to mount /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd from the host. Also running docker with a terminal helps debugging that problem, i.e. docker run -it ....
To switch back to the cgroup v1 behaviour, you can add systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=false to the kernel command line. After a reboot, the directory /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd should exist.