In my case it is definitely a problem with sandboxing a.k.a. firejail. Non of the apps that need permission does start.
Is there a way to repair/test the firejail implementation - or a way way to check whether the update process was correct?
I also tried to create a new user, but the problems persists with other users. I am really afraid, I need another reflash of the phone - which was already the case with the last system update. I have not patches or system tweaks - just a few harbour apps.