First things first, I assume your Jolla account is logged in on the phone?
This happened to me last year on my last device (10 plus) on a previous update, I think 4.1.
I had a similar issue where I couldn’t install Android App Support, but luckily there was another point release a few days later and it upgraded one of the required packages for AAS, and then I was able to reinstall it.
I would suggest using ssh from a computer to look at the /var/log/zypp/history file (eg using nano or vi).
Scroll down to the end and then look at the part where the 4.4.0.58 update takes place (it will be apparent as the timestamps are very similar and there will a massive number of updates happening) and see if there are any errors from an install with alien or apkd in the title.